what is cbse??

Central Board of Secondary Education

The Central Board of Secondary Education ( CBSE) is a national level board of education in India for public and private schools, controlled and managed by Union Government of India . CBSE has asked all schools affiliated to follow only NCERT curriculum.

History

The first education board to be set up in India was the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education in 1921, which was under jurisdiction of Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior.^[3] In 1929, the government of India set up a joint Board named "Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana". This included Ajmer, Merwara, Central India and Gwalior. Later it was confined to Ajmer, Bhopal and Vindhya Pradesh. In 1952, it became the "Central Board of Secondary Education".

Affiliations

CBSE affiliates all Kendriya Vidyalayas, all Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, private schools and most of the schools approved by central government of India.

Examinations

CBSE conducts the final examinations for Class 10 and Class 12 every year in the month of March. The results are announced by the end of May.^[4] The board earlier conducted the AIEEE Examination for admission to undergraduate courses in engineering and architecture in colleges across India. However the AIEEE exam was merged with the IIT-Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) in 2013. The common examination is now called JEE (Main) and is henceforth conducted by National Testing Agency.

CBSE also conducts AIPMT (All India Pre Medical Test) for admission to major medical colleges in India. In 2014, the conduct of the National Eligibility Test for grant of junior research fellowship and eligibility for assistant professor in institutions of higher learning was outsourced to CBSE.^[5] Apart from these tests, CBSE also conducts the Central Teacher Eligibility Test and the Class X optional proficiency test.^[5] With the addition of NET in 2014, the CBSE has become the largest exam conducting body in the world.^[5]^[6]

On 10 November 2017, Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, cleared a proposal for creation of a National Testing Agency (NTA) which will conduct various entrance examinations. Currently, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) conducts National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET), Central Teacher Eligibility Test (twice a year) UGC's National Eligibility Test (twice a year) and the entrance test for Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas.

Promotion criteria

Class 10

For promotion from Secondary (Class 10) to Senior Secondary (Class 11-12), a student must obtain, for all subjects (or best 5 if 6 subjects are taken), 33% overall, without any minimum theory mark requirement.

Originally, the passing criteria was set such that a student had to get 33% in both the theory and practical components. However, an exemption was initially granted for students writing the exam in 2018 as they went through the old CCE system in the previous year.^[7] However, CBSE later extended this relief for students writing the exam from 2019 and later as well.^[8]

For a student who does not manage to pass up to two subjects, he/she can write the compartment in those subjects in July. For those who fail the compartment, or those who fail in three subjects or more, he/she must rewrite all the subjects taken in the next year.

Class 12

For class 12 students the promotion criteria is 33% overall, with 33% in both theory and practical examinations (if applicable).

For a student who does not manage to pass in exactly one subject, he/she can write the compartment for that subject in July. For those who fail the compartment, or those who fail in two subjects or more, he/she must rewrite all the subjects taken in the next year.

Grading

For the Class 10 and Class 12 exams, CBSE (along with the marks obtained) includes the positional grade obtained by the student, which is dependent on the average performance of the students in that subject. Consequently, the cutoffs required to obtain a particular grade vary every year.

Grading system by CBSE ^[9]
Grade	Criteria
A1	Top 1/8 of passed students in that subject
A2	Next 1/8 of passed students in that subject
B1	Next 1/8 of passed students in that subject
B2	Next 1/8 of passed students in that subject
C1	Next 1/8 of passed students in that subject
C2	Next 1/8 of passed students in that subject
D1	Next 1/8 of passed students in that subject
D2	Last 1/8 of passed students in that subject
E	Failed students (in either theory, practical or overall)

The cutoffs required to obtain a particular grade in 2018 are listed below:^[10]

Class 12 (2018)
Grade	English Core	Mathematics	Chemistry	Physics	Biology	Biotechnology	Engineering Drawing	Computer Science	Economics	Accountancy	Business Studies	Informatics Practices	Multimedia/Web Tech	Psychology	Sociology
A1	89	95	91	90	90	95	98	93	92	84	93	94		95	87
A2	84	84	81	82	84	91	95	88	85	73	83	91			78
B1	78	73	73	75	79	86	92	83	78	65	75	87	82	84	73
B2	72	63	67	69	74	83	89	78	70	59	67		78	79	66
C1	65	55	63	64	68	76	85	72	63	55	60	79	74	73
C2	57	46	60	61	62		80		55	49			67	67
D1	45	42	52	54	55				47	45				57
D2	33	33	Variable (33% theory and practical pass required)

Class 10 (2018)
Grade	English Communicative	Mathematics	Science	Social Science	Malayalam	Hindi	French
A1	92	92	87	90	96	93	97
A2	87	81	76	82	93	88	95
B1	83	70	67	74	90	83	92
B2	78	60	58	66	87	78	87
C1	73	50	49	58	84	72	82
C2	66	42	41	49	80	65	74
D1	56	34	34	41	73	54	62
D2	33 (minimum for all subjects)

During CCE

During 2010-2017, when CBSE implemented a CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation) for grade 10 students, only the grades obtained by the student were mentioned in the report card in a 9-point grading scale, which translates as below:

Former grading scale (CCE)
Grade	Criteria
A1	>90%
A2	81-90%
B1	71-80%
B2	61-70%
C1	51-60%
C2	41-50%
D	33-40%
E1	21-32%
E2	0-20%

Results

Hindi Elective (002)

Minimum score to obtain a particular grade by year
Year	D2	D1	C2	C1	B2	B1	A2	A1
1992	33	36	40	43	47	51	55	61
1993		35	39	43	47	51	55	61
1994		37	40	44	48	51	55	61
1995		35	39	43	46	51	55	60
1996		35	39	43	47	51	55	61
1997		36	41	45	49	53	58	64
1998		36	41	45	49	53	58	64
1999		35	40	44	48	52	56	63
2000		36	41	45	49	53	58	64
2001		35	40	44	48	52	57	63
2002		35	40	44	48	52	57	63
2003		39	44	48	52	56	61	67
2004		40	46	52	57	62	67	74
2005		37	42	47	51	56	61	67
2006		37	43	48	52	56	61	67
2007		41	47	52	56	61	65	71
2008		46	52	57	51	65	70	76
2009		39	45	50	54	60	64	71
2010		41	47	52	56	61	66	72
2011		42	48	53	58	63	68	75
2012		39	45	50	59	60	66	73

2016

Number of (passed) students obtaining a particular CGPA in Class 10 by gender^[11]
CGPA	MALE	FEMALE	TOTAL
10	85316	83225	168541
9.8	26313	24545	50858
9.6	28522	24223	52745
9.4	35587	25882	61469
9.2	33674	25171	58845
9	35167	26270	61437
8.8	36453	26154	62607
8.6	37532	25945	63477
8.4	38590	25383	63973
8.2	37681	24663	62344
8	38248	24217	62465
7.8	38560	23607	62167
7.6	37804	22680	60484
7.4	36814	21410	58224
7.2	35287	20497	55784
7	34755	19803	54558
6.8	33824	18677	52501
6.6	32099	17559	49658
6.4	29774	16428	46202
6.2	27367	15509	42876
6	25542	14472	40014
5.8	22568	13094	35662
5.6	18126	11128	29254
5.4	13206	8684	21890
5.2	9120	6142	15262
5	6116	4036	10152
4.8	3582	2360	5942
4.6	2074	1182	3256
4.4	893	527	1420
4.2	294	151	445
4	50	31	81
TOTAL	840938	573655	1414593
AVERAGE	7.91	8.14	8

Number of (passed) students obtaining a particular CGPA in Class 10 by exam mode^[11]
CGPA	BOARD	SCHOOL	TOTAL
10	92816	75725	168541
9.8	32372	18486	50858
9.6	32115	20630	52745
9.4	32302	29167	61469
9.2	33725	25120	58845
9	36361	25076	61437
8.8	36673	25934	62607
8.6	36026	27451	63477
8.4	35232	28741	63973
8.2	35362	26982	62344
8	35185	27280	62465
7.8	33969	28198	62167
7.6	31825	28659	60484
7.4	29836	28388	58224
7.2	28045	27739	55784
7	26238	28320	54558
6.8	23913	28588	52501
6.6	21284	28374	49658
6.4	18782	27420	46202
6.2	16785	26091	42876
6	14365	25649	40014
5.8	12150	23512	35662
5.6	9351	19903	29254
5.4	6861	15029	21890
5.2	4978	10284	15262
5	3628	6524	10152
4.8	2278	3664	5942
4.6	1236	2020	3256
4.4	549	871	1420
4.2	137	308	445
4	17	64	81
TOTAL	724396	690197	1414593
AVERAGE	8.21	7.79	8

Moderation

Mark distributions for each subject and overall average in CBSE Class 12 examinations 2015
Subject 1 mark distribution. Note the unusual peak for 95, 33 and a few other marks and a sudden drop in frequency for 96 marks and above.
Subject 2 mark distribution. The peaks still stand.
Subject 3 mark distribution. The peaks still stand, but there are fewer students scoring zero in the exam, which can be attributed to science students who skipped the theory exam having their practical mark alone taken.
Subject 4 mark distribution. The peaks still stand.
Subject 5 mark distribution. The peaks still stand, through lower this time as subjects like Computer Science do not have any moderation applied.
Overall average (first five subjects excluding any additional subjects if taken) for the same class and year. The peak on zero marks could mostly be attributed to students who did not show up for the exams at all. The distribution in this case is much more normal and symmetrical than the individual subjects' distribution.^[12]

It is the practice adopted by CBSE of 'tweaking' candidates' marks to account for paper difficulties and variations. This has been criticized in the past for inflating students' marks in a hyper-competitive society where even one mark counts,^[13] and CBSE is in the process of ending it.^[when?] In 2017, CBSE informed that it would end moderation entirely, but its decision was challenged by a court case at the Delhi High Court, which ruled that moderation should continue for that year.^[14]

With the exception of 2018, moderation was applied to account for variations in region sets (as then students in different regions would be answering different question papers). In 2018, when everyone around the world answered the same questions,^[15] this practice was renamed as standardisation, with the CBSE gradually phasing out the practice with the reduction on subjects which were given the offset.

In 2018, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Accountancy were given offset of +9, Business Studies given +6, and English given a +3 offset. In 2019, moderation took the effect of giving up to 11 extra marks:^[16]

Offset applied for CBSE Class 12 exams (Delhi) ^[16] [0 = no moderation]
Subject	Offset (2019)	Offset (2018)	Offset (2017)	Offset (2016)
Mathematics	11	9	10	15
Physics	11	9	9	8
Chemistry	10	9	9	7
Biology	5	0	3	0
Political Science	6	0	5	5
Economics	5	0	3	6
Business Studies	5	6	6	11
Sociology	2	0	0	6
Geography	1	0	0	8

The total mark obtained by a student through moderation cannot exceed 95; if so, it is capped at 95 unless the student's actual mark is 96 or more. This is the reason a mark of 95 is relatively common for such subjects, and why it is much tougher to get 96 than to get a 95.

Moderation was also applied in the infamous CBSE Class 12 mathematics papers of 2015 and 2016, wherein the paper created a huge furore as students and teachers complained that the paper was too tough.^[17] Despite a reportedly heavy offset of +16 (+15 for Delhi),^[18] students' marks reduced (especially for 2016), as while the A1 cutoff was stable (90), the A2 cutoff reduced to 77, with other grades also experiencing a dip in cutoff.

Moderation can also take the form of giving grace marks to enable students who have scored near the pass mark to pass. This is the reason marks between 25 and 33 are unheard of in subjects like Mathematics, and also explains why the difference between D1 and D2 cutoff is sometimes very small.

Changes for the 2019 exam

Earlier duration for vocational exams

The CBSE has decided that vocational exams (which very few students take) are to be held earlier - in mid/late February compared to March for most other exams. This is to ensure the exams finish earlier.^[19]^[20]

More internal options

For many core subjects, the number of internal choices (wherein students pick one to answer out of two) has increased.^[21]

English paper modifications

The English (Core) paper of Class 12 has been modified in a bid to make it less 'speedier'.^[22]

Changes for 2020 Exam

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) will conduct two separate examinations for mathematics in class 10 board examination starting from 2020 session. The current Mathematics exam is now Mathematics Standard, and an easier version of Mathematics has been introduced (called Mathematics Basic). Students taking the latter version may not study Mathematics to any further level.

The option of choosing mathematics will be mentioned in the registration form for class 10 CBSE board examination. Candidates will be required to select their choice of test while filling the registration form for CBSE Class 10 board examination 2020.^[23]

Minister of Human Resource Development (HRD) in view of the coronavirus outbreak asked to reschedule the examinations after 31 March, in communication with various educational regulators.^[24]

2018 question paper leak

In March 2018, there were reports that CBSE Class 10 mathematics and Class 12 economics question papers were leaked.^[25] In response, CBSE announced that these exams will be cancelled and re-exams will be conducted.^[25] However, CBSE later announced that there will be no re-exam for Class 10 mathematics paper because the paper leak may have been confined to a few alleged beneficiaries.^[26]

On 7 April 2018, Rakesh Kumar (an economics teacher) and two other employees of a private school in Una, Himachal Pradesh were arrested for leaking the Class 12 economics paper.^[27] According to the police, Rakesh Kumar had gone inside the strong room of a bank to pick up packets of computer science question papers but also picked up a packet of economics question paper.^[27] He asked a student to make a handwritten copy of the question paper (to avoid being traced from the handwriting).^[27] He then sent photos of the handwritten copy of the paper on WhatsApp to a relative in Punjab.^[27] This relative shared the photos with her son and nephew, who shared them with their friends on WhatsApp groups, from where it was forwarded to other Whatsapp groups.^[27]

On 12 April 2018, the police said that Rakesh Kumar, who leaked the class 12 economics paper, had leaked class 10 mathematics paper also.^[28]

Consequently, the Central Board of Secondary Education has put in place a system of "encrypted" question papers, which are supposed to be printed by the schools half an hour before the exam starts.^[29]

Regional offices

Presently CBSE has 10 regional offices:

Delhi: Covering NCT of Delhi and Foreign Schools.
Chennai: Covering Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Daman and Diu, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
Guwahati: Covering Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.
Ajmer: Covering Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Panchkula: Covering Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab.
Allahabad: Covering Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Patna: Covering Bihar and Jharkhand.
Bhubaneswar: Covering Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal.
Thiruvananthapuram: Covering Kerala and Lakshadweep.
Dehradun: Covering Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Foreign Schools

According to the official website of CBSE, there are 28 government as well as private affiliated schools in different countries outside India. The reason of their establishment is largely serving the Indian community abroad, or at least, children or relative of Indian diplomats.

Countries where present

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For countries where the population of Indian nationals even surpasses the country's native population or in countries where they form a substantial share of the population, like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, etc., Indian embassies have set up CBSE schools and have allowed Indians or locals to set up private CBSE schools serving the needs of Indians in that particular country.

But, however, in countries where Indians do not reside, the Indian diplomatic missions have set up schools in countries like Russia and Iran which mainly serves children of diplomats.

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